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Heart attack – Causes, signs, preventive strategies, and more

Heart attack – Causes, signs, preventive strategies, and more

A heart attack occurs when the blood flow to a section of the heart muscle is blocked, severely damaging the muscles. There are several reasons for a blockage, from plaque built up in the coronary arteries to blood clots. Heart attacks are one of the leading causes of death worldwide. So, understanding the causes, symptoms, treatment, and prevention of heart attacks is crucial for individuals to protect their heart health and reduce the risk of this life-threatening condition.

Causes or risk factors of heart attack

  • Narrowed arteries
    When arteries progressively harden or narrow over time, it can lead to a heart attack. Coronary artery disease (CAD) develops when a fatty deposit called plaque begins to build up on artery walls, narrowing or blocking them.
  • Blood clots
    It is possible for blood clots to develop in the arteries that supply the heart with necessary oxygen and nutrients. If a clot completely blocks blood flow, it can lead to a heart attack.
  • Spasms
    In some cases, the coronary arteries can suddenly spasm and temporarily narrow or close. This can reduce blood flow and trigger a heart attack.
  • Sedentary lifestyle
    Even those who are not currently at risk may weaken their heart muscles due to a lack of physical activity. They are also more likely to develop high LDL or harmful cholesterol levels in the body, high blood pressure, and diabetes, which are associated with heart attacks.
  • Lack of oxygen
    Lack of oxygen can damage the heart muscles and may trigger a heart attack. This can happen due to problems with normal lung function or carbon monoxide poisoning.
  • Congenital heart defects
    Those born with structural defects in one’s heart, like small holes in heart chambers or the absence of a valve, are also at a higher risk of a heart attack.
  • Other health conditions
    Those already suffering from high blood pressure or hypertension, type 2 diabetes, and elevated cholesterol levels are also at risk of developing heart blockages.

Signs of a heart attack

  • Chest pain
    Chest pain associated with heart attack is a result of clogged arteries. This is the most common sign that should prompt one to enlist expert help. It can feel like one’s chest area is getting tight or squeezed. At times, one may get a burning sensation in the chest or general discomfort without any apparent reason.
  • Shortness of breath
    Difficulty breathing or rapid breathing can occur during a heart attack. If one experiences breathing difficulty in regular life, one is advised to check one’s heart health. One may also notice irregular heartbeats, often fluttering or pounding.
  • Stinging in arms
    If one experiences a stinging pain in the left side of one’s chest that seems to travel towards the left arm, it’s a sign of a heart attack and needs immediate health care. The stinging sensation may also extend to the back, shoulders, or feet.
  • Jaw or throat pain
    These two uncommon heart attack signs may be mistaken for sinus or dental concerns, but jaw and throat pain, especially when combined with some sort of chest pain or discomfort, may be a sign of a heart attack.
  • Pain radiating to other areas
    Chest pain associated with heart attack may also spread to the neck, back, or stomach regions.
  • Lightheadedness
    Heart blockages cut off or reduce blood and oxygen supply to the heart muscles, which may lead one to feel lightheaded, faint, or dizzy.
  • Indigestion
    Feeling nauseous or experiencing heartburn or indigestion without any lifestyle changes can be a result of weakened heart muscles. If associated with other heart attack symptoms, it’s best to get them diagnosed.
  • Fatigue
    Weakened heart muscles drop the energy levels of the body drastically. So, one may experience tiredness or fatigue more frequently and without justifiable physical activity.
  • Snoring
    Another surprising early sign of a compromised heart function is snoring, often associated with wheezing or gasping sounds. Poor cardiovascular health is often linked to sleep apnea, which is a serious health concern.
  • Coughing
    Another common sign is a persistent cough, often bringing up pink or white mucus or even blood.
  • Cold sweat
    People experiencing a heart attack may break into a cold sweat since the oxygen to the heart muscles is cut off.

What to do if one experiences a h eart attac k?
In the event of experiencing a heart attack, one should call 9-1-1 emergency services immediately. One is likely to receive a prompt CPR or defibrillation enroute to the hospital as the first line of defense, which can increase the chance of survival and protect the heart from severe damage.

Treatment options for heart attack
For severe blockages, bypass surgery or Coronary Artery Bypass Grafting (CABG) may be necessary to reroute blood around the blocked arteries. A procedure called angioplasty may also be performed. Here, a surgeon widens a blocked artery using a thin, flexible tube. Oxygen or blood thinning therapy are other treatment options used to tackle blockages.

Simple ways to strengthen heart health

  • Physically active
    One of the most recommended preventive measures for heart attack is to follow an active lifestyle. This can include biking, hiking, swimming, walking, running, aerobic exercises, yoga, strength training, and more. Exercising helps the body to eliminate toxins, strengthens the heart muscles, prevents damage of arteries due to high cholesterol, and oxygenates the body better. Those who have type 2 diabetes or high blood pressure can start with low-impact exercises for a shorter duration and consult a professional for a suitable exercise routine as per their health condition.
  • Eating healthy
    Eating healthy is another factor that contributes to robust heart health. One can eat fruits and vegetables, lean proteins, and whole grains and avoid foods high in saturated fats , trans fats, and sodium.
  • Stress management
    Stress is one of the major contributors that weakens the heart. One can practice stress-reduction techniques such as meditation, yoga, or deep breathing exercises.
  • Managing other conditions
    Controlling blood pressure, cholesterol levels, and diabetes through lifestyle changes, treatments, and regular check-ups is also crucial.

Heart attacks are life-threatening events that require immediate attention. By adopting these measures and managing risk factors, individuals can significantly lower their chances of experiencing a heart attack and enjoy a longer, healthier life.

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Foods to Eat and Avoid for Optimal Kidney Health

Kidneys help filter waste from the blood and dispose of it off the body via urine. They also help balance the electrolyte and fluid levels in the body. But, conditions like high blood pressure and diabetes may intervene with their ability to work as required. Furthermore, damage to the kidney might also result in chronic kidney disease. Hence making changes in your meal plan is a vital aspect of treatment. You can prevent damage to these organs by following a kidney-healthy meal plan. Below, we will address some foods to eat and avoid for better kidney health. Foods to eat Cauliflower Cauliflower is a nutritious vegetable. It's an excellent source of folate, Vitamins B, K, and C. It's rich in anti-inflammatory compounds like indoles, a fiber source. In addition, you can use mashed cauliflower as a replacement for potatoes. For example, a cup of cooked cauliflower has 40 mg of phosphorous, 176 mg of potassium, and 19 mg of sodium. Sweet potatoes They are relatively similar to white potatoes but have more fiber content, resulting in them breaking down more gradually. Hence, you will experience a less spike in insulin levels. Sweet potatoes are also rich in vitamins and minerals like potassium that help balance the sodium levels in the body and lower their impact on the kidneys. But, since sweet potatoes have a high potassium content, people on dialysis or those with CKD should curtail the intake of this vegetable. Red bell peppers They are rich in flavor and low in potassium, but that is not the sole reason they are considered a hit among people with kidney disease. Red bell peppers have Vitamin C and A sources and are also high in fiber, folic acid, and B6 vitamin content. In addition, red bell peppers are also suitable because they have lycopene, an antioxidant that shields against some cancers. You can eat them raw with a dip, mix them into your salad, or enjoy them as an appetizer. Some people also like roasting bell peppers and using them as a topping for lettuce salads or sandwiches. Olive oil It contains healthy fat and has anti-inflammatory properties. Since it is monosaturated fat, it stays stable even at higher temperatures as you cook. Thus, switching to extra virgin olive oil can give you more antioxidants while you still enjoy your favorite dish. Green vegetables Leafy veggies like spinach, kale, romaine, arugula, and cabbage are hydrating, low in calories, and have high antioxidant and vitamin content. If you wish to be cautious about your mineral levels, you must opt for cabbage and arugula, which are nutrient-rich and lower in sodium, potassium, phosphorous, and calcium. In addition, kale and spinach have a high potassium content, which is ok for people seeking to improve their kidney health, but best for those already dealing with chronic kidney disease. Blueberries They are called superfoods because they are rich in antioxidants and are a low-calorie Vitamin-C and fiber source. You can stock them in abundance from your local grocery store or farmer’s market. You can also shop for frozen berries in the off-season and enjoy healthy smoothies. People with kidney diseases can also eat other berries like raspberries, cranberries, and strawberries. Apples Apples are low in potassium and rich in fiber when you eat them with peel. They also have a natural anti-inflammatory effect and are ideal for your kidneys. Foods to avoid Soda Soda has zero nutritional benefits and instead has high sugar content. It only adds to the extra calories. Some studies link high soda consumption to conditions like kidney disease, osteoporosis, dental problems, and metabolic syndrome. If you opt for their lower calorie alternative like coke zero, even that will do you no good, as it has no nutritional value and contains artificial sweeteners and additives. Hence, you must omit soda and opt for healthy beverages like water. If you do not enjoy plain water, add a slice or two of fresh fruit for added flavor. Avocados Avocadoes are known for their many nutritious qualities. They are rich in antioxidants, fiber, and heart-healthy fats. Even though consuming avocado is often considered healthy, people with kidney disease must avoid it as avocados have a high potassium content. An average-sized avocado has about 690 mg of potassium. If you love the taste and do not want to eliminate it, you can reduce the portion size to only 1/4th of the avocado. In addition, it will lower potassium intake.  Salty foods Sodium or salt is one of the most prevalent inclusions in foods you consume daily. However, their density is higher in processed foods. Salt results in water retention and may cause blood pressure, lung, and heart disease. Healthy kidneys work towards maintaining the correct fluid balance in the body. So, if your kidneys do not function as desired, the fluid balance may be disturbed. Hence, you must curtail sodium-rich foods like processed foods, packaged items, and soy sauce. When cooking meals at home, opt for low-sodium alternatives. You can replace salt with spices and herbs and keep the salt shaker off the table. Dairy Dairy products like yogurt, cheese, ice cream, and milk are rich in protein, calcium, and other vital nutrients. They also contain potassium and phosphorous. People with stage three kidney disease might want to curtail their potassium, phosphorous, and protein intake, which is high in dairy. So, you can instead reach out for dairy alternatives like rice, soy, or almond milk as they have lower potassium, phosphorous, and protein content than cow’s milk. Bananas Though naturally low in sodium, bananas' potassium content is significantly high. So, to ensure your kidney disease does not aggravate, monitor your potassium intake, and it might be challenging if the banana is your staple. Conclusion Whatever you eat or drink will affect your health regardless of any health issue. Therefore, maintaining a healthy weight and following a balanced meal plan are prerequisites to staying fit and controlling blood sugar levels. A kidney-healthy meal plan is less about eliminating certain foods but following portion control and finding a balance of proteins, carbohydrates, and fats.

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19 warning signs of kidney cancer to be aware of

Detecting kidney cancer, also known as renal cancer, can be challenging, but it is not impossible. It is important to know about the myriad signs and symptoms associated with kidney cancer to increase awareness and ensure early diagnosis. By understanding these indicators and their potential causes, one can take proactive steps to protect their health. It is also vital to understand the importance of regular checkups to avoid any scares. 19 warning signs of kidney cancer Hematuria: Blood in the urineHematuria, characterized by blood in the urine, is a hallmark symptom of kidney cancer. The presence of blood in the urine can range from a faint pink tinge to a more noticeable red or brown hue, making it an alarming sign for many. Although hematuria can also signal less severe conditions like urinary tract infections or kidney stones, it should always be investigated by a healthcare professional. Pain or discomfort in the side or backPersistent pain or discomfort in the side or lower back without any injury is a common symptom of kidney cancer. This sensation varies from a dull, nagging ache to sharp, intermittent pain. It emerges as the tumor enlarges and exerts pressure on surrounding nerves or organs. Unexplained loss of body massA sudden and unexplained loss of body mass is a concerning symptom often associated with advanced kidney cancer. The presence of a tumor can disrupt the body's metabolic processes, leading to unintended reduction in body mass. This is a subtle yet critical sign, as it may occur even when the individual’s appetite remains steady or increases. Fatigue and weaknessKidney cancer can cause persistent fatigue and weakness. Multiple factors contribute to this overwhelming sense of tiredness. Anemia, a condition marked by a shortage of red blood cells, is another common consequence of kidney cancer, intensifying one’s feelings of weakness and exhaustion. Fever and night sweatsIn some cases, kidney cancer may induce fever and night sweats. These symptoms usually arise due to infections or inflammation associated with the tumor. While infections can cause similar symptoms, persistent or recurrent fevers and night sweats warrant a healthcare evaluation. Edema: Swelling in the legs and anklesEdema, or swelling, can occur in the legs and ankles due to kidney cancer. The tumor's presence may disrupt normal blood and lymphatic fluid flow, resulting in swelling. This symptom can cause discomfort and should be addressed by a healthcare provider. Hypertension: High blood pressureKidney cancer can elevate blood pressure (hypertension) by producing an excess of erythropoietin or compressing the renal arteries. Hypertension can be an indicator of kidney issues and should prompt further investigation. AnemiaAnemia, characterized by a deficiency of red blood cells, can be caused by kidney cancer. It can lead to fatigue, weakness, and pale skin. Identifying the underlying cause of anemia is crucial, as it may be one of the early signs of kidney cancer. However, anemia might also indicate several other health concerns and, therefore, needs to be appropriately diagnosed by a healthcare professional for the right treatment plan. Abdominal mass or lumpIn some cases, a palpable mass or lump may be detected in the abdominal area. These masses are often discovered incidentally during physical examinations or imaging for unrelated issues. If a patient feels hardness in their abdominal region or can tell there is a lump-like presence, it is crucial to get it checked without delay. Loss of appetiteKidney cancer, among other types of cancers, can result in a loss of appetite or an aversion to certain foods, potentially leading to unintentional reduction in the individual’s body mass. Any persistent loss of appetite should be discussed with a healthcare provider. It might even impact the patient’s anemia, further complicating the condition. Changes in urinary habitsKidney cancer may lead to changes in urinary habits, such as increased frequency, urgency, or difficulty urinating. It could be attributed to the tumor present on or around the kidneys. These changes may be accompanied by pain or discomfort during urination. Some patients might also be first alerted about the condition by the presence of blood in their urine. Hypercalcemia: Elevated calcium levelsHypercalcemia, characterized by higher levels of calcium in the blood than normal, can be associated with kidney cancer. This condition can lead to excessive thirst, frequent urination, nausea, vomiting, and constipation. In most cases, it is attributed to the compromised functionality of the kidneys and the body’s inability to filter out excess waste. Persistent cough or chest painIn rare cases, kidney cancer may spread to the lungs, resulting in symptoms such as a persistent cough or chest pain. These symptoms may indicate advanced kidney cancer and should be promptly evaluated. JaundiceExtremely rarely, kidney cancer may metastasize to the liver and cause jaundice, marked by yellowing of the skin and eyes, dark urine, and pale stools. Jaundice is a serious condition requiring immediate professional attention. Bone painAdvanced kidney cancer that has spread to the bones can cause bone pain. This pain may range from localized discomfort to severe, widespread pain. Neurological symptomsIn rare instances, kidney cancer can metastasize to the brain or spinal cord, leading to neurological symptoms such as headaches, seizures, weakness, numbness, or changes in vision or speech. Changes in skin color and textureKidney cancer can occasionally cause changes in the skin's color and texture, such as a rash, nodules, or thickening. These skin changes may occur near the tumor site or in distant areas of the body. Persistent unexplained feversSome kidney cancer patients experience recurrent, unexplained fevers. These fevers may come and go, often with no apparent cause, and may be accompanied by chills and sweating. Shortness of breathAdvanced kidney cancer that has metastasized to the lungs can lead to shortness of breath. This symptom may be accompanied by coughing and chest discomfort. If one experiences any of these symptoms, seeking prompt healthcare evaluation is crucial. Kidney cancer, like many other types of cancer, is best managed when detected in its early stages. Early detection and timely intervention offer the best chances for successful treatment and improved long-term outcomes.

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